glossary

  Matter has **general properties**, such as mass and volume, and other **specific properties** like density.
 * **Matter ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/ZWp0NPHrGlEAVOxQTq-rzyhX2BG7eG9Bi583kYvSECMJnkQ7qjQ-7tVC8CyILf_fdBA5o_lAt6Uh31Wlus0dx3U3IafgQjyAz0cEXs5Txx-639YXX480V3GYo4L-E64PJ0BhWQgX width="117" height="117"]] || Everything that surrounds us is matter. books, tables, trees, water, air… All of them are matter. However, matter needs to have mass and takes up space. Therefore, sound, light or our thoughts are not made up of matter. ||
 * ** Mass ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/WkpYfYVCOxYwGPo3eBci9vxkG7-1E7cKqYm856rmu9pMbAi3Hlm2-6RKbSSJj5mjiMunxyJ_GUTe5fGg7jWLIyVo--3NR3NkWBV9Fp7kqWLl7bVk13CDTz_Kx06sXpzwSzoVH7pg width="113" height="107"]] || Is the amount of matter in an object. Mass is measured in kilograms (kg) or grams (g). We use different types of scales to measure mass, like electronic scales. ||


 * ** Volume ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/vNYrDNbMbC42MKSR3Nc1c8EnxlcTpYuMEsFLFXM9OQ-3uABSIMJJdgtVAzsPcPL1VHbLthZDy7iuQMgouNNwb8ogdsCOO4XV8mWqd7_1pIOb43Hord0fh72bGK9Imswl9ljOY0dF width="123" height="105"]] || Is the amount of space that an object occupies. Volume is measured in litres (l) or millilitres (ml). Cubic centimetres can also be used to measure volume. The volume of liquids is measured in measuring cylinders. Regular-shaped solids’ volume is calculated with mathematical formulas, while the volume of irregular-shaped solids is calculated by the water displacement method: when a solid is placed in a liquid, the liquid level rises. ||


 * ** Density ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-bETjTwr0CkZVCx3Hcikzz9DW1Pc3TiVFB8qE60gIw-sdCQdAKKxYc6rWtKWxrGpv8u9F28IU9U7XQa86ZlHWihjc8LifsHmEd3dRnDC3bbuhTKOypt0P5UC8WH42fctwrnxBEZb width="122" height="87"]] || It is the concentration of matter in a particular volume. We calculate it by dividing its mass by its volume. Depending on their density, objects can sink or float when placed in a liquid. When the density of an object is higher than the density of the liquid, the object sinks. ||

We can find matter in three different **states**:
 * ** Solid ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/rr83fp78xsVxu-fyt4Ou7U8z7Gq4qv2-QLhqCiQMZ7j_nzb16_dMULQAYRFTtWvzuZIcfL3pkgBhpCb5bCfDijGUKuJNdV5o9rgRDnob6D1_U5ivYbpidgyLM4aOOID7XBnWP9jc width="112" height="121"]] || State of matter. Solids have a fixed volume and shape because their atoms are very close together and cannot move. As a result, they cannot flow or be compressed. Solids have specific properties, such as: elasticity, flexibility, fragility and strength. ||


 * ** Liquid ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/wWo25KrZUEKuskCpd5tSwwMgmpjaGwKYXyirnu-shjWwJJmyE1axb8Log-tCUaI5C1Pjknp5_r4SC64Kturl8QIMYnlZsMHarTq_MT3zpj8R5cYLnWeKKeWZ44KKQikntEeYZV0Y width="162" height="125"]] || State of matter. Liquids have a fixed volume, but not a fixed shape. Their atoms are further apart and can move more freely than in solids. Liquids can flow, but cannot be compressed. Liquids have specific properties, such as: viscosity and volatility. ||


 * ** Gas ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/NVdZrefkGwogIOOa2UE1KYOYaqvWAcKhh8VCRPeyl-DE60PgA3PAt3WbnzuDQWN5E0xxfU7suaPzy3TTPVMea8JGWIjKCgT1-Swc25hXlWx1d7DNmlR8qpNl0dPo1_5ubsxYjyzQ width="174" height="121"]] || State of matter. Gases do not have a fixed volume or shape. Their atoms are much further apart and can move more freely than the ones of liquids. Gases can flow and be compressed. ||

Matter can be made up of **pure substances**, such as gold, or can be a **mixture** of different susbstances:
 * ** Pure substances ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/DUq4smUPHAogrB9KEtVWadBbbSuDoD7IckbwRxa81AhtrbD2LXQ15dO_eD4p35jNWvcd3cjuMcXUUwGu4uzRrX0fsZJeCvrcOhZ6wr1dD7xHftBNV-lTBTMjhvcp5eBPzoTSsHb5 width="253" height="102"]] || Matter is made up of substances which consist of tiny particles called atoms. Pure substances contain only one type of component which cannot be separated into other substances. ||


 * ** Mixtures ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/MQ1NSpSBnRTeswf0hWa_Cq_LkKHgMImfbjjItstq6k3aOCo-IS42t4tc62rAdGBUjtBBFbPzOavqyaEVGzEeJ0RXbCdw7qy-EerIs-MEah-FYn_7DEJOuU5uGxiqRFXuzmUmtTYe width="121" height="124"]] || Type of matter that contains two or more substances. There are two types of mixtures: heretogeneous (the different components can be distinguished), and homogeneous or solutions (the different components cannot be distinguished). ||

There are different ways of **separating the substances of a mixture**, depending on the type of mixture we have:
 * ** Filtration ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/49nHG9runT9LeYNYCloYyeahvcIWErxIGC8p1-XYtCSuuGVygZ9_bj4VTWfvXPBJOvHAlIUxe_QVzLBFuER9Y-K4f3bc4zAdPa73ztPSStkDFayacp7tNGuVSgf_vK-7DaEyWyan width="189" height="130"]] || Method of separation of mixtures that is used to separate solids from liquids in heterogeneous mixtures. ||


 * ** Evaporation ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/XFQrnO5Fj7Ra3jPlfZ2vjNXM7G04iESsGK7TWlF1hPxW2dx8ceyRmoogficz3noAEIAOo8sZT8KEzM9DAsQPCsMqicZ03fjN572RzGXJxA3_X_nwSotrIPP7SNIV5JoiKHimUUjv width="150" height="118"]] || Method of separation of mixtures that is used to separate solids from liquids in homogeneous mixtures. When the liquid evaporates, the solids remain. ||


 * ** Distillation ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/4gfNZKdEw7N_NHqD7Y9vip9urudVTlzy4453U1OKIjDjt1vmxGllFJmZBQYXrkAHqvGAsfpCcP4QksXs4RfuPapfN_bXqwwUbndTnrvKHPgYNwcpCTh5zSp-I8J8kni6PWQzoL6U width="126" height="129"]] || Method of separation of mixtures used to separate liquids that have different boiling points in homogeneous mixtures. ||


 * ** Decantation ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_ApHZkRFFKDQa-coi7T6RhBSiRAIepOOKKr6a9JEWn9mdB11diMQmRo1QR8JLMe6DYsHVBvSRizcTOwEyFyJEFQSshPFdOPHy8gtoO2oz31E0MklpeSZtnrr2amN3tnBsZv_vQuU]] || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Method of separation of mixtures used to separate substances of different density in heterogeneous mixtures. ||

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Matter can change its state **physically**, which means the matter changes its form but the substance reimans as it was before. These are the main **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">changes of state **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 16px;">: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> Also, the mater can change its state on a different way when we want to transform the substances matter contains. These are the **chemical changes**:
 * **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Condensation ** ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[[image:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/TzvAvsP0W45sgiau27iqKz5D_3FmX4sG6haGD0ytTIvcswbBDkJC1kczDXJzGnrtyOn0ceovdjKnTPRqfcXnbYTztdNL38v9EfYJ0DvgKh-fIwtqA23xdoynyaILzhHu9S2y5D0d width="117" height="79"]] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Is a physical change of the state of matter that happens when a gas turns into a liquid. ||
 * **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Melting ** ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[[image:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/sLdpEPfRc_FAwL83GWfzu_4t-R0x55l4JGL5Nwo4Quo290bDn3JSW7J1wY-RmC8xv-aC0WabxEBVKXtW7lnsjEcapESI8JMi1SdRVAChm4z55Qya1kWENw1Q0-a_wFjD1VKFRFjI width="117" height="89"]] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Is a physical change of the state of matter that happens when a solid turns into a liquid. ||
 * **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Solidification ** ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[[image:https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/aUJrkTE3Sz5VR3WfqHSbKvyBZsJaPuUZ94BYO75BWJOkTrYSmnuNEIhW8Nbm_jw2iBN0FzLVvnSfY91wP-Y9OGGwndUhWeB1dClOKL5FgRz7W6TgkAZGCNzvVR66RkIDIPlz4VG- width="101" height="92"]] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Is a physical change of the state of matter that happens when a liquid turns into a solid. ||
 * **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Evaporation ** ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/ysIkftVh3xc-is0Blwbaanz7Nbx_02WSlKLc5sqZWcfa20CboWkQX0UQFZrQalg3qVd9CCZXmeNkhxh0g4bOh86PFR-JDkUPcwfVB6K9z3ggf2pB98JuwmCagWyM49fR4Hpk302_ width="117" height="75"]] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Is a physical change of the state of matter that happens when a liquid turns into a gas. If the liquid boils, it is called boiling. Evaporation is slow, while boiling happens fast when the liquid reaches a certain temperature. ||
 * **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Sublimation ** ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[[image:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/8fRmXyKNkua1IXegefE2u2TDyLBT50rUQXGI9NvKTyqXrSGnPecYPuaYtC0NwgP331p-XMovFyP70VKCN2FBx5Mq6yexdT4cUUmhwmTCRbZRSznHJ13ubPT2nvIuAQQB-gRSij2w width="117" height="115"]] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Is a physical change of the state of matter that happens when a solid turns into a gas. When the gas turns into a solid, it is called reverse sublimation. ||
 * ** Chemical reactions ** ||
 * [[image:https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/CtK2ZeXmeguG1MXHqUgoNogot8utt-qeL3uinbKwr_QLNro2As2l9iV6BvSvo0e22ORfm_oXZ2LORrMCd0BegE6Af0VE3RhGoLkhRRdeYYAQdw6kVroOZCVpYgH9yPYtGZ9lT2xF width="194" height="161"]] || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Chemical changes happen when the original matter transforms into other new substances. these changes involve chemical reactions in which atoms react and group together differently. There are many types of chemical reactions, such as:


 * 1) <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Oxidation: It happens when some metal substances combine with oxygen in the presence of water. As a result, rust is produced.
 * 2) <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Combustion: it happens when objects or substances are burned.
 * 3) <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Fermentation: is a chemical reaction that happens in some living thing, such as yeast and bacteria. ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">All this changes, physical and chemical, need **energy**: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
 * **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Energy ** ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/zngpeKkdpfRcr9MlD2MVhEKQOI2nIaiv9pz-M30A4zg2F2tUZtKH2o-PzkdDwmjgLZCIidLbYZXUJqzjq70CjfOPesDUnIX1yNpfepKy_LeQzjtt7ExI-uUQSXhzKTuIAS0j3LXE width="117" height="75"]] || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.66px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Is the ability to do work or cause change. Changes in matter require energy that can exist in different forms. ||